Phases of Indus Valley Civilisation

The period of Harappan culture is divided into three phases which are as follows:

Early Harappan Phase (3300 to 2600 BC)

The Early Harappan Phase is related to the Hakra (a Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley .

• This phase stands characterised by centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life.

• Trade networks had been established and there are also evidences of the cultivation of crops. Peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc., were grown during that time.

• Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan Phase.

Mature Harappan Phase (2600 to 1900 BC)

By 2600 BC, the Indus Valley Civilisation had entered into a mature stage.
The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India.
Sites of this phase were Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Banawali, Sutkagendor and Surkotda.

Extent of Indus Valley Civilisation

Easternmost site Alamgirpur (Meerut, Uttar Pradesh)
Westernmost site Sutkagan Dor (Baluchistan)
Northernmost site Manda (Jammu)
Southernmost site Daimabad (Maharashtra)

Late Harappan Phase (1900 to 1300 BC)

The signs of a gradual decline of the Harappan Civilisation are believed to have started around 1800 BC and by 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.
However, various elements of the ancient Harappan Civilisation can be seen in later cultures.
Archaeological data indicates the continuation of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC.
The late Harappan phase is found in Rangpur and Rojdi in Kathiawar peninsula (Gujarat).

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